Draft Riots of 1863 - Continued

Earlier I did a post concerning the Civil War Draft Riots of 1863. At that time Rochester's 54th Militia Regiment and the 13th Volunteer Regiment (the Old 13th) were called up to go to New York City to help  put down the rioting.  Both regiments went as far as Albany but the rioting in New York City ended before they went on to the city. Following are Rochester newspaper articles from that period.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 14, 1863, p. 2

The 54th Regiment N.Y.N.G. Under Marching Orders
Brigadier General Williams received this forenoon a telegram from Inspector General Miller to hold his Brigade ready to march on receipt of further orders.  The 54th Regiment, which numbers at present some 300 men, is the only available force General Williams has.  While we write the members of the 54th are being "warned out."  They will assemble at the Armory, probably there to await further orders.  Their destination may be New York to assist in quelling the mob.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 14, 1863, p. 2

ATTENTION—The Field Staff and Line officers of the 54th Regiment are specially requested to meet at the room of Co. "D" this evening at 6 o'clock precisely, on business of importance.  A full and punctual attendance is desired.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 14, 1863, p. 2

ATTENTION, GRAYS!—All members and volunteers of the Rochester Union Grays are requested to appear at the Armory of the Grays at 8 o'clock P.M.  By order.
Rochester, July 14, 1863.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 15, 1863, p. 2

THE ROCHESTER GRAYS AND THE NEW YORK PORTS—From correspondence published between the militia of Albany and the State military authorities, it appears that Gen. Wool has all the troops he desires at present for garrisoning the forts of New York city.  If this be true, the Rochester Grays, who have been ready at any moment for several days to march at the word of command from the Governor, will not have a chance right away to enjoy a sixty days visit in forts erected for the protection of the Metropolis.  We opine that the boys will be disappointed at the turn things have taken.  The Grays have the satisfaction of knowing that they did their duty.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 15, 1863, p. 2

ELECTED CAPTAIN—Major Wanzer, late of the 27th regiment, was last evening elected Captain of the Rochester Light Guards, 54th Regiment, N.Y.N.G.  The Major was a member of the Guards before he entered the service of the United States, where he acquitted himself with credit.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 15, 1863, p. 3

No Telegraphic Communication with New York
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For the past two days telegraphic communication has not been had with New York.  The rioters destroyed the line in the city and would not permit it to be rebuilt.  We understand that lines leading in other directions have been similarly served.  We received no report at 9 A.M. yesterday or to-day, and no 4 P.M. report yesterday, but hope for something this afternoon.  The 2 P.M. report from the east yesterday was made up from the New York evening papers and forwarded from Albany.—The Western news was received direct from the West.  Private dispatches are transmitted via Syracuse, Binghamton, and Jersey City.

The New York mail with last evening's papers due this morning failed to arrive; a fact indicating further trouble on the Hudson River Road, the cars of which run down only to Spuyten Divil Creek, the upper boundary of the city.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 16, 1863, p. 2

The 54th Regt. N.Y.N.G. and 13th V.R. Art. Depart for New York
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About 9 o'clock last evening Brig. Gen. Williams received a dispatch from Inspector General Miller, stating that his command would be ordered forward at once.  Col. Marshall, of the 13th Heavy Artillery, which numbers some 300 men in camp on Lake Avenue, also received like orders.  Subsequently Gen. Williams received another dispatch ordering the soldiers to leave on the 12:30 train this morning.  The prearranged signal on the City Hall for the men to assemble at the Armory was struck, and at once there was "hurrying to and fro" of armed men through the streets.  Everything was ready but transportation and the men chafed somewhat at the delay.  About 11 o'clock a dispatch was received from Supt. Vibbard of the Central Road, saying that cars for the regiments could not be furnished before this morning and ordering the train carrying the soldiers to follow the 7:25 Express train.

At 6 o'clock the cars were ready and at 7 o'clock Col. Marshall's regiment, with about 200 men in line, were at the Depot.  It was nearly 9 o'clock before the 54th Regt. made its appearance at the Depot, when the cars were speedily filled and the train started.

The 54th numbered 400, and with the Heavy Artillery made a force of 60 men, who have left for New York.  Col. Marshall's men are without arms; they will be supplied with them at New York.  The Grays, (artillery,) attached to the 54th, did not take their guns—they will be furnished with a battery in New York.  This Company had, prior to the riot in the Metropolis, been ordered there to garrison the forts.—The company has been recruited nearly to the maximum number, going off this morning with 100 men.  Col. Clark is in command of the 54th, and Gen. Williams accompanies them to New York.  As the regiments passed through Exchange and State street to the Depot this morning they presented a fine appearance, and they will doubtless give a good account of themselves if called upon to quell the mob.  The 13th Heavy Artillery is mainly composed of old members of the 13th N.Y.V., who were engaged in every battle in Virginia since the rebellion commenced up to Burnside's massacre at Fredericksburg.  TheNew York mob will find them ugly customers to deal with.

We give below a list of the commissioned officers and the number of men in each company in the 54th Regiment:

REGIMENTAL OFFICERS
Colonel—C. H. Clark.
Lieut. Colonel—Fred Miller.
Major—Nathaniel Thompson.
Adjutant—G. S. Stebbins.
Quartermaster—M. C. Mordoff.
Surgeon—Dr. Wm. H. Briggs.

UNION GRAYS
Captain—W. M. Lewis.
1st Lieutenant—Thomas Barnes.
2nd Lieutenant—M. R. Quinn.
3d Lieutenant—Wallace Darrow.
Ninety-one men.

DRAGOONS
Captain—I. S. Hobbie.
1st Lieutenant—E. K. Warren.
2nd Lieutenant—A. Rosenthal.
3d Lieutenant—Cyrus Beardsley.
Sixty men.

COMPANY B—GERMAN GRENADIERS
Captain—______ Spohr.
1st Lieutenant—Adam Young.
2nd Lieutenant—John N. Weitzel.
Forty men.

COMPANY C—LIGHT GUARD
Captain—Geo. G. Warner.
1st Lieutenant—J. Eichorn.
2nd Lieutenant—Chas. L. Vredenburg.
This company has forty men and is commanded by Lieut. Eichorn.

COMPANY D—UNION GUARDS
Captain—L. Sellinger.
1st Lieutenant—John G. Betzel.
2nd Lieutenant—M. Sellinger.
Thirty-five men.

COMPANY F
Captain—Warner Wescott.
1st Lieutenant—A. Sawtell.
2nd Lieutenant—Gershom Wilborn.
Forty men.

COMPANY G—FLOUR CITY CADETS
1st Lieutenant—J. W. Wren.
2nd Lieutenant—J. C. Smith.
Forty men.

COMPANY H
Captain—W. T. Kennedy.
1st Lieutenant—Frank Hayden.
2nd Lieutenant—Frank J. Amsden.
Thirty men.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 17, 1863, p. 2

THE 54TH REGIMENT—For anything that we learn to the contrary, the 54th Regiment must have arrived in New York this morning.  At Jordan, near Syracuse, the engine drawing the train carrying the regiment broke down, causing a delay of a few hours.  It is quite probable that the 54th will not see service in putting down the mob.  That it may be detained there a few days is possible.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 18, 1863, p. 2


THE 13TH AND 54TH REGIMENTS AT ALBANY—On the arrival of the 13th and 54th regiments at Albany, they received orders countermanding the ones received previous to leaving this city, ordering them to New York.  The regiments were provided with arms and quarters at Albany, and will probably remain there for a few days.  The 54th were not supplied with rations when leaving here, and consequently the men were in a half famished state when they arrived at the Capital.  They were partially supplied with rations by order of Col. Marshall, commanding, from the haversacks of the 13th Heavy Artillery.  Subsequently the military authorities at Albany provided them with food.  Their arrival at Albany was considered quite opportune by the citizens of that place, as fears were entertained that an outbreak was imminent there, and there was no local military force on hand sufficient to suppress a riot, should it be a formidable one.  The infantry were supplied with Springfield and Enfield rifles, and the Grays were to be provided with howitzers.  A correspondent in another place furnishes details of the movements of the regiments since leaving the city.
  
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 18, 1863, p. 2

TO REMAIN IN THE CITY—A telegram for Gov. Seymour, orders the Dragoons, the flank company of the 54th Regiment to remain in the city.  This sets at rest the report that the Dragoons would be going to Albany this evening.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 18, 1863, p. 2

From the 13th and 54th Regiments
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ALBANY, July 17th, 1863
One O'clock A.M.
EDITORS UNION:—The 13th and 54th Regiments arrived here yesterday at about half-past nine o'clock and marched to the Arsenal, where we found the citizens consulting, on our arrival, on the safety of this city.  I learned that mob violence was proposed here last night, and the citizens were fearful that the State Arsenal would be attacked by the mob.  So you can see that the appearance of the regiments were a "God send" to the Albanians, for I understand they have no troops here upon whom they can depend.  The 25th Regiment, which is reported 600 strong, was called upon to protect the Arsenal, but less than 100 responded to the call.

As I write this (one o'clock A.M.) I understand that a mob is on the road from Troy to help the mobocrats of Albany along.  I think if they do come they will meet with a warm reception, and they will find it no boy's play.  There seems to be no little excitement in the city, and every word that is dropped is made into a mountain before it gets much of a circulation.

Captain Sullivan of the 13th, who is officer of the day, has just ordered 40 rounds of ball cartridge to his men, who are fully prepared for the "fray."  Lieut. Betzel of the "Union Guards," is officer of the guard.

In our haste to report at the Capitol for duty, some of the companies of the 54th neglected to prepare rations for their men.  In this emergency Col. Marshall kindly divided with the boys, and for which three companies at least wish to return thanks.

I wish here to say one word about the deserters from the 54th—the stay-at-home portion of it.  Company "R" has several such, and unless they report forthwith, they will be ordered under arrest, as they certainly should be.

The Quartermaster of the Arsenal has done all in his power to make us as comfortable as possible, for which he and his gentlemanly assistants will ever be held in kind remembrance by the officers and men of the 54th.  The report is that we go to New York by boat in the morning.  What truth there is in the report I cannot say.  Some also say we are to remain in Albany until further orders.  So you can see we are yet in the midst of uncertainties as to our destination.  When we move I will apprise you of the fact.

The Regiment numbers about 400 officers and men.  The Grays alone report 117 men.  The Dragoons are non est, but are to report to-morrow, I believe.
                            SENEX

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 18, 1863, p. 4

ALBANY, July 17th.—The 13th Volunteer Artillery and the 54th Militia arrived here from Rochester.  The order to proceed to New York has been countermanded.  Similar orders to the 46th, Oneida Co., and the 51st, Onondaga Co., were also countermanded to-day.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 20, 1863, p. 2

The 13th and 54th Regiments
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We find the following in reference to the 13th and 54th Regiments in the Albany Journal of Saturday evening:

The troops from Rochester are to remain in the city until further orders.  The 13th artillery under Col. Marshall, is quartered at the Arsenal, and the 54th, Col. Clark, at the City Hall.  In the absence of the military authorities, there has been some delay about a proper supply of rations; but sufficient arrangements are now perfected.

Such of the troops who came here without arms, have been supplied.  The admirable appearance and soldierly conduct of the men, excited general attention.

The following card from the Mayor of Albany contains some things which may be of interest to the friends here of "our boys:"

MAYOR'S OFFICE
CITY HALL, July 18, 1863
To the citizens of Albany:
I am informed that some evil disposed persons are circulating a report in the city that the draft is to take place here on Monday next, and that the soldiers that are now at the City Hall are fresh troops sent here to guard the wheel on that day.
The report is entirely false.  No draft has been ordered in this city, and none will take place (if at all) until due notice is given.

I take this opportunity to inform the citizens that the soldiers now at the Hall are the same who were ordered by the Governor from Rochester to the city of New York, and came to this city two days ago, and that no transportation could be given them on the evening they arrived.  They were ordered to remain here until his return.

As many of them as could be accommodated were sent to the Arsenal, and the remainder to the barracks, but owing to the filthy condition of the sleeping departments at the latter place, and the bad food that was offered them, they left the premises to take lodging at the City Hall until further orders are received from the Governor of their disposal.

                    ELI PERRY, MAYOR.

Letter received here yesterday from members of the 54th state that the impression prevailed there that the regiment would be ordered to New York this (Monday) morning.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 21, 1863, p. 2

The Rochester Military at Albany
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A call at Albany yesterday enabled the writer to visit the quarters of the 54th Regiment now in that city.  This regiment is at City Hall in comfortable quarters, free from the vermin and filth which drove them from the Barracks to which they were assigned when they went to the Capital.  They sleep upon the floors of the building on blankets, and take regular meals twice each day at the best hotels of the city.  The men are in good health, as Dr. Briggs, the Surgeon of the Regiment, reports, and they appeared to be in excellent spirits.

The deportment of this regiment, its appearance on parade, and the conduct of its members in the streets is the subject of much praise from the Albanians.  It is gratifying to the pride of a Rochester man to hear the remarks of the citizens of Albany in reference to the 54th.

Captain Newman's fine Cornet Band attached to the regiment is a card of attraction, and as it discourses its eloquent music from the balcony of City Hall thousands gather about to listen, and while marching with the regiment through the streets of the city its melodious notes fall pleasantly upon the ears of the people.

Col. Clark and his staff are not idle while at the Capital, and if the 54th does no more than exert a moral influence in restraining those disposed to disturb the peace, it will not be an idle journey that it has made.  The Regiment has been supplied with Springfield muskets of the best quality, and with ammunition in liberal quantity.  The Grays have some excellent howitzers, and a full company to handle them in case of need.

Quartermaster Mordoff has been indefatigable in attending to his duties, and the officers and privates of the Regiment cannot find language that will fully express their approbation of his conduct.  It is proper to state, in this connection, that the line officers and men of the 54th are well pleased with the regimental and staff officers, and nothing has been omitted on their part which could conduce to the comfort of the soldiers.

When the Regiment arrived at Albany it was marched to the Barracks, some two miles out of city, and there invited to take lodgings in a place that a decent dog would not accept as a kennel, and fit only for swine.  The officers and men at once decided that they would not sleep in such a place and would return to the city.  Col. Clark told them he would stay with them while they remained and get a better place as soon as possible.  He did so, and soon after the Regiment went to City Hall, where it is now quartered.

The 13th artillery, Col. Marshall, are quartered at the armory, we believe, and doing well.

On Sunday night there was an alarm, and the men of both regiments were called to arms.  It is said that the cause of the alarm was the arrival of a number of "roughs" from New York, in the 11 o'clock train.  It was reported that they had come to lead in a riot at Albany, and preparations were made to meet them.  It afterward appeared that the suspicious characters were only fleeing New York.—Having been "spotted" by the police as participants in the late dreadful scenes in the metropolis, they deemed it discreet to withdraw to the country for a time.  The appearance of these characters at Albany, at a time when the public mind was sensitive, was calculated to alarm, and it is not strange that a sort of panic ensued.  Albany has no military force whatever of her own, and the sole dependence was and still is upon the Rochester regiments.  Col. Clark was called from his bed about midnight by Colonel Marshall, who is the ranking officer, and both regiments were soon ready for anything that they might be called to do.  No mob appeared, and after being in line two or three hours, the soldiers rested upon their arms till the return of day gave assurance that no foe was near.  An outbreak in Albany at that time would have been a rash undertaking on the part of ten thousand unarmed men.  Six hundred sturdy soldiers fully armed, with a battery of howitzers well shotted, could have held them in check, and subdued them without difficulty.  It is hoped that our gallant young men will have no occasion to show their metal in such an encounter, and we do not believe they will in Albany.  If the nervousness of certain prominent citizens of the State capital is an indication of the feeling there, danger certainly is not absent from Albany.

How long our troops will remain at the Capital, no one in authority there could tell yesterday afternoon.  The commandants had no other orders than to remain at Albany, and they had no intimation when orders would be given.  Speculation was rife, and it was the impression that the 54th would return to Rochester ere many days.  All thought of going to New York has been abandoned, as there were troops enough there.

Rumors of threatened disturbance in Rochester had reached Albany, but caused no sensation whatever among the soldiers.  No one appeared to think the regiment was needed at home, and the probability of any disturbance here was no even entertained.
    
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 21, 1863, p. 2

THE 13TH OR 14TH HEAVY ARTILLERY—Col. Marshall's Regiment, now at Albany, has elicited much commendation from the citizens for its good appearance, and it deserves all the praise it has received.  The men have been furnished with Springfield rifles, to be used in case of emergency.  But the regiment is not full, and there is a fine chance to get it now.  A bounty of $552 is paid to each man who enlists.  Go in, boys, and get bounty enough for a small farm.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 21, 1863, p. 2

ROCHESTER DRAGOONS—Some inquiry having been made as to the reason why the Dragoons did not go to Albany with the 54th Regiment, we are requested to state that they remained at home under orders, and not from any disposition to evade the performance of any duty which they might be called upon to perform.  We do not regard this explanation as necessary in this community, where the corps is known, but make it at the request of the commandant.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 22, 1863, p. 2

The Fifty-fourth Coming Home
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A special dispatch to this paper from Albany, states that the 54th Regiment leaves this noon for Rochester.  It will probably arrive between eight and ten to-night.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 22, 1863, p. 2

Our Regiments

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                        ALBANY, July 18—18 o'clock M.
As anticipated, the mobocrat story about the Trojans coming down to take the State Arsenal was a great humbug.  I understand that some of the officers, who intended to stay downtown, go an inkling that the rioters were intending to seize all officers found out of the protecting care of the boys, skedaddled on a double-quick for our quarters, so as to be within the fostering of the regiment.  But as I said before, the whole thing ended in smoke—and nothing else!

The regiments, as an entity, after sleeping on the floor, rolled in their gray blankets, over night, are all right.  If our Rochester friends could have witnessed the scene presented in our quarters last night, and this morning by the "bould soldier boys," writing to the wives, daughters, sisters, sweethearts and the "dear girls left behind," they would have been not only astonished but amused, for every available spot was appropriated that could be found to scribble a few lines, with pen or pencil, to the "loved ones at home."

Yesterday afternoon we were marched to the barracks, and to-day we made up our minds that "Camp Louse" was no place for us.  The lice were so numerous that on the band playing, in the evening, they (the lice) formed not only in regiments, but in brigades, and paraded themselves in fine style, giving us a fair warning of their strength and readiness to attack, successfully, all intruders, especially those who encroached upon their rights.  They were of a size to reflect great credit on the keeper of the barracks here, and would cause no grumbling, in this respect, for I think they cannot be beaten by any west of New York city, even if they can be comparable.

"Camp Louse" was considered a very nice place for some, but we of the 54th failed to appreciate the fact.  We are under lasting obligations to the committee, consisting of Lieutenant Colonel Miller, Major Thompson and Surgeon Briggs, who were appointed by our preserving and indefatigable Colonel Clark, who, though green as yet, has proved himself equal to any and every emergency, for the promptness with which they succeeded in getting our release from one of the dirtiest and meanest camps in the Union.  This may be strong language, but I have nothing to take back in saying what I have in this matter, for I consider such barracks, and the rations furnished thereat, a lasting disgrace to any State.  And I have every reason to believe that the citizens of Albany, who, by the by, have done all in their power to administer to our comfort, are fully aware of the fact here stated, as his Honor, Mayor Perry, stated to us.  A hog pen is a palace in comparison to the eating or messing room of "Camp Louse."  The contractor of the post need not leave camp to furnish fresh meat for the men, for that is already furnished at no expense in the "limebacks" which are always to be found in great abundance.

His Honor Mayor Perry is entitled to great credit for the kindness and respect which he has paid to the every want of the 54th Regiment, and his name is never mentioned by any member of the regiment but with expressions of thanks for the interest he has taken in our welfare.  Our thanks are also due to the City Marshal.  We can truly say to our "friends at home," nothing has been left undone by the city authorities to make our stay pleasant and agreeable.

Our Quartermaster (Ald, Mordoff) is entitled to great praise for the promptness with which he has performed his every duty, though a new hand at the bellows, and this being his first camp.  He has emphatically proved the "right man in the right place."  In speaking of the officers of the 54th, I must say that the field, staff and line officers have all done their duty, with credit to the city from which they hail.  Col. Clark takes hold of the work manfully, as do also Lieut. Col. Miller, Maj. Thompson, Adj. Stebbins and Dr. Briggs.

                            MONDAY, July 20, 1863
Last night the regiment were under arms all night, fearing a riot.  The Grays at 12 o'clock were ordered from the City Hall to the Arsenal, and to prepare two howitzers with ten rounds each of grape and canister.  The will with which the whole regiment moved, showed that the men were ready and willing to do their duty.  They were in line within fifteen minutes after receiving orders.

The first battalion parade was had this P.M., under Lieut. Col. Miller, which elicited the approbation and admiration of the Albanians.  The maneuvers of the men were executed with that promptness and soldierly bearing, which has ever characterized the regiment.

The Grays now mess at Stanwix Hall, and a finer man never lived than the host of the St. Stanwix.  Mine host, Col. Rider, truly "knows how to keep a hotel."  Our friends at home who may wish or have business in this city, will find a first class landlord in Col. R., who is gentlemanly and courteous to his visitors.  When we say this much, we know from experience, what we say to be true in every respect.  The infantry companies are messed at Congress Hall.
                            SENEX
  
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 22, 1863, p. 2


MAJOR GAUL ON THE ALBANY BARRACKS—Major Gaul in command of the Albany Barracks, where the 54th were sent to quarter, is out with a letter denying that the barracks were filthy or the food bad, as stated Mayor Perry.  This Major Gaul says:

The true cause of the difficulty arose from the fact that while a portion of the troops from Rochester were quartered at the Arsenal and boarded at the "Delevan," the remaining were sent to the barracks and treated as United States soldiers.

The description of these barracks as we had it in detail from those who were there, is too sickening to hear or to publish.  Every straw picked up from the floor was alive with vermin.  As to the food, Dr. Briggs, Surgeon of the 54th, informed us that he tasted it and found that it was unfit for man to eat.

Major Gaul probably knew about as little of the real condition of the barracks as a man in California.  It cannot be possible that he would make the statement he has, if he had been there.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: July 23, 1863, p. 2


Return of the 54th Regiment
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The 54th Regiment, Col. Clark, arrived here at 1 o'clock this morning and marched with Newman's Band to the armory.  All the evening till a late hour there was a large congregation at the Depot, awaiting the arrival of the Regiment, and several staid till the arrival.  At the corner of State and Buffalo streets the Regiment halted, came into line, and Adjutant Stebbins read the following:

GENERAL HEADQ'RS STATE OF NEW YORK
ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE
Albany, July 22nd, 1863
Special orders No. 411

I.The 54th Regiment National Guards of the State of New York, Col. Charles H. Clark, commanding, is hereby relieved from duty in this city, and will proceed to Rochester, N.Y., and report to Brig.-Gen. John Williams, commanding 25th Brigade, National Guard of the State of New York.

II.The prompt response of this regiment to the necessities of the public service, together with the efficient and soldierly discharge of all duties, calls from the Commander-in-Chief his thanks for the timely service rendered by the regiment.

III.Assistant Quartermaster Rider will furnish the necessary transportation to Rochester.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief,
            JOHN T. SPRAGUE
            Adjutant General

CITY OF ALBANY
MAYOR'S OFFICE, July 21, 1863
Col. Clark of the 54th Regiment, N.Y.S.M.:

DEAR SIR:—In behalf of the citizens of Albany, I take this opportunity of expressing to you and the officers and members composing the Regiment which you have the honor to command, their heartfelt thanks for the prompt manner in which the call of the Executive of the State was obeyed by the Regiment when ordered to the city of New York.  And while detained in our city you will please accept my thanks for the kind and courteous manner which the officers and members of the Regiment have shown by their gentlemanly conduct as soldiers while here toward our fellow citizens.

With my sincere desire for the health and prosperity of yourself and Regiment in future.
    I remain Sir, truly with much regard,
        Your obedient servant,
            ELI PERRY, MAYOR

The people assembled gave the regiment cheers and it was then marched to the Armory and dismissed.

Our soldiers came home bearing the highest testimonials to their good conduct from the Albany people and press, and bringing Springfield muskets and two howitzers for the Grays.

The Journal of yesterday says:  The 54th (Rochester) Regiment, Col. Clark, who have been in this city for a few days, returned home at one o'clock today.  While here, they have behaved like gentlemen, and they take home with them the thanks and best wishes of our citizens.

The following resolutions were adopted at a meeting of the regiment in Albany:

Resolved, That the thanks of the officers and soldiers of the 54th Regiment of the National Guard of the State of New York be, and the same are unanimously tendered to his Honor Mayor Perry, of this city, and Capt. Rider, for the courteous and gentlemanly manner in which they have treated the Regiment while in this city—doing all in their power to make our stay pleasant and agreeable.  Also our thanks are due to the City Marshal for the promptness with which he has ministered to our wants.
Resolved, That the above be signed by the Chairman and Secretary of this meeting, and published in all the city papers, and presented to his honor the Mayor and Marshal.
                                C. H. CLARK, Cha'n.
                                WM. M. LEWIS, Sec'y

Col. Marshall's regiment remains at Albany and will probably be there for some time.  The Colonel is here to-day on business. 

Draft Riots of 1863

Up until 1862, both the Union and Confederate governments relied on volunteers to fill the ranks of their armies.  In that year, Confederate authorities determined that an all-volunteer army was not sufficient, so in April a draft had begun in the south.  For the Union authorities, it was not until the following year that President Lincoln determined that a draft was absolutely necessary and asked the Congress to enact the Conscription Act, which it did so on March 3.  It was hoped that the initial draft would fill the need for approximately 300,000 men.

The Conscription Act required that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 years of age enroll in the draft, and those individuals whose names were drawn in the draft lottery would serve for up to three years.  The act also specified that, in lieu of actual servicing in the army, there were two options available: one could find a substitute to fill one's place, or to pay a "commutation fee" of $300.

The use of substitutes to serve one's military service was not new to the Civil War.  It was a well-known practice in Europe for centuries and had been used here in the Revolution.  The use of a substitute generally required paying the substitute, and some city, county and state governments paid bounties to fulfill their quota rather than requiring an actual draft lottery.  Some individuals traveled from town to town collecting a bounty, quickly deserting, and moving on to another location.  The Union reports an incident in 1864 where 21 substitutes, sent to Elmira, escaped from there.  It went on to note that among these was "Paddy" Loughlin who had done this on thirteen previous occasions and had yet to see any actual service.  In those cases where bounties had not been provided by the communities, it was up to the individual seeking a substitute to provide the "bounty," which in some instances might approach as much as $1000.

The "commutation fee," paid to the government, released one from the current draft lottery but those in the applicable age bracket may still be eligible for subsequent drafts.

In either case—substitute or "commutation fee"—it was a luxury that the average, low paid worker, usually a recent immigrant, could not afford.  In New York City this meant the Irish.

Many in the North viewed the Conscription Act, with its options, as a rich man's statute.  The fathers of both Theodore and Franklin Delano Roosevelt avoided Civil War service by paying substitutes; as did Andrew Carnegie and J. P. Morgan, and future presidents Chester A. Arthur and Grover Cleveland.  New York Governor Seymour was a staunch foe of the Conscription Act and was of the opinion that the act was unconstitutional.  For all intents and purposes he urged the Irish and other low-wage workers to take to the streets—and they did—when he declared, "Remember this, that the bloody and treasonable and revolutionary doctrine of public necessity can be proclaimed by a mob as well as by a government."

On the morning of Saturday, July 11, the draft began in New York City and more than 1,200 names were drawn.  This was insufficient for the quota set for the congressional districts that comprised that city so it was announced that it would resume on Monday.  On Monday morning a mob of several thousand marched on the draft headquarters, swept the police guard there aside and proceeded to wreck the building and setting it ablaze.

As a result of the increasingly altercations between rioters and the New York City police, Governor Seymour called upon a number of the state's militia units, including the 54th Regiment.  The 54th along with the 13th Artillery Regiment, the "Old Thirteenth," under Colonel Marshall, left Rochester on the 16th of July bound for New York City via Albany.  Arriving in Albany, they found that communications between that city and New York had been disrupted and rumors were rampant that trouble would move up the Hudson and pose a danger to the state capital.  As a result, the Rochester units remained in Albany where the 54th would stay until the 23rd.

Leaving Rochester in haste, the 54th found themselves in Albany without rations and had to rely on the generosity of both Colonel Marshall's 13th and military authorities in Albany.  In addition, the usual army barracks outside the city was so terrible that, rather than encamp at "Camp Louse," as it was called, they chose to quarter themselves at the Albany City Hall and the 13th took over the armory.

The rumored trouble never came to Albany so the 54th returned to Rochester on the 23rd and the 13th Regiment followed a few days later.

Military Movements in New York - 1861

The following article appeared in the New York Times on May 4,  1861. The entire article is found at the Times web site. (Subscription may be required.)

ROCHESTER, Friday, May 3, 1861.

Nine companies of the Rochester regiment, under command of Col. QUIMBY, left this morning for Elmira via Canandaigua. An immense crowd of people turned out to see the volunteers depart, and the Fifty-fourth Regiment, the Fire Department and others gave them an escort to the depot. About 2000 spectators collected about the depot, and the greatest enthusiasm prevailed. The Companies were all full and a number more are ready to leave as soon as they get orders. One Regiment has been recruited here, and it is understood that Col. J.H. MARTINDALE intends to get another ready if the State wants their services. The city has appropriated 10,000 to fit out the Regiment which has gone, and the citizens have subscribed $40,000 for the family relief fund. There is but one feeling here, which is for vigorous war to put down secession, and to carry out this policy, Rochester will furnish her full share of men and means.

One full company left Dansville this morning for Elmira. A splendid banner was presented to the company by the ladies. Over 70 carriages accompanied the volunteers to the depot.

 The "Rochester regiment" referred to in the article is the 13th NY Infantry Regiment, commanded by Col. Isaac F. Quinby, a professor at the University of Rochester.

Rochester's Military Companies

We have looked a number of times at the New York National Guard unit - the 54th Regiment - but there were other military companies prior to the 54th.  William Peck in his History of Rochester and Monroe County describes these companies.

Military Companies

This brings us to a mention of the military companies of that period, before the organization of the Fifty-fourth regiment of New York state militia, most of which occupied the different rooms of the basement of the city market for their respective armories, the two brass bands of that day, Adams's and Holloway's, having their quarters there also. The earliest organization in this region was a company of riflemen that was formed in Penfield as far back as 1818, which attracted enlistments from Rochester as our little community increased in number. Ashbel W. Riley, mentioned elsewhere in this volume for his heroic exertions at the time of the cholera, was early connected with this company, which under his command as captain, at the time of Lafayette's visit here in 1825, escorted the distinguished Frenchman from Rochester to Canandaigua; other formations of a similar character afterward associated themselves with this one and all were united together as the Twenty-second regiment of riflemen; Colonel Riley, who had then risen to the command of it, offered its services, with the consent of the whole body, to President Jackson in 1832 to quell the nullification disturbance in South Carolina, but the tender was not accepted, as the assistance of state militia was not required; the next year Colonel Riley became brigadier-general of riflemen, and then major-general, a position which he held till the dissolution of the brigade a few years later. The Irish Volunteers came into existence in November, 1828, a very creditable organization whose commandant for some time was Captain P. J. McNamara; it was attached to the One Hundred and Seventy-eighth regiment of infantry, with headquarters at Buffalo. Then came Van Rensselaer's cavalry, in 1834, named after the landlord of the Eagle Hotel and commanded by him, and the next year the Rochester Pioneer Rifles, under George Dawson, the "fighting editor," which was a part of General Riley's regiment.

In 1838 two crack companies were formed— Williams's Light Infantry, under Major John Williams, afterward mayor, and the Rochester Union Grays, whose first captain was Lansing B Swan, afterward general, who, with General Burroughs, codified the military laws of the state; it was originally infantry but later became an artillery company. Eight of the members were still surviving at the beginning of this year, with the average age of eighty-six. The next year the Rochester City Cadets came into existence, with James El wood as captain; a few years later, sometime before 1849, it was reorganized as the Rochester Light Guards, with H. S. Fairchild as captain; it was this company that furnished sixtyfive men to company A of the Old Thirteenth on the very day after President Lincoln's first call for troops, and many of its remaining members afterward joined others of our fighting regiments. The German Grenadiers, the first of our Teutonic companies, and the Rochester Artillery were organized in 1840, the Rochester City Guards in 1844, the German Union Guards in 1847 and the Rochester City Dragoons in 1850. The Fifty-fourth regiment of New York state militia, organized in 1849, was at first confined to the western half of the county, but in 1855 it embraced the whole of it at which time H. S. Fairchild became its colonel; although it did not go to the front during the Civil war it performed excellent service by doing guard duty over the Confederate prisoners at Elmira in 1864; it was disbanded in December, 1880, in accordance with a sweeping change in the militia system of the state, only one company, known as the Eighth Separate, being retained. The First Separate company and its military services are described elsewhere. While not connected with the period of time over which we have been going, it is as well to mention in this place the Rochester Union Blues, a fine volunteer company of patriotic citizens, formed in 1863, with Charles B. Hill as captain, for the express purpose of doing duty as a home guard during the war, though it continued its organization for some years after the conflict was over.

Now Available - Rochester's 54th Infantry Regiment

Sometime last year I took the entries that I had captured from the Rochester, NY City Directory having to do with the 54th Regiment and posted this on Scriptd. Today I noticed that so far more than 1,000 persons had accessed it. I thought, why not charge for the document? As a result, it is now available on Lulu, the self-publishing site, for only $2.50. Such a deal!

The 54th Regiment Quells a Lynch Mob in 1872

The beginning of 1872 found another instance of the 54th Regiment being calling upon for service. Rather than the Governor, the service of the regiment was requested by Monroe County Sheriff Campbell to thwart a riot and possible lynching at the jail.

On Saturday, December 30, 1871, a young girl named Cecelia Ochs had been to church at Ss. Peter and Paul on West Main Street, and following services there she attended festivities in the church school. Starting home to with her younger sister and a neighbor girl, she was accosted by a black man at the corner of Cady St. and Frances St. (now Jefferson Ave.). She went with him under the pretense of he needing directions to a friend's house. Reaching the Commons, the "scoundrel" threw her down and "Committed a most horrible outrage upon her."

The assailant, William Edward Howard, was finally found near the "Dugway" in Penfield and brought to the Police Station on Monday morning, New Year's Day, 1872. In order for Cecelia to identify Howard as her attacker, police took him to her home for the identification. Hearing of the arrest of Howard, a large crowd had gathered there. Loud cries by the crowd were head to lynch him, and he was struck a number of times in the face. With guns drawn, police quickly put Howard into a carriage and he was driven to the jail, where large crowds had already gathered there. The crowd, embittered toward the police for not allowing their access to Howard, cried "a lamp-post in the Eighth Ward should yet be decked with the corpse of the guilty wretch."

Sheriff Campbell realized that his force was not sufficient to prevent the mob from storming the jail and, as a result, he contacted General Charles H. Clark, at that time commanding the 25th Brigade, and asked that he call out the military.

At Gen. Clark's request, Lt.-Col. Westcott brought out two companies of the 54th: Co. G, under Capt. F. C. Lauer, and Co. D., under Capt. John Swartz. The two companies, comprising approximately one hundred men, relieved police forces at the jail at 5:30 p. m. on Tuesday, the 2nd. Co. G took the east end of the Court St. bridge, and Co. D was stationed at the Mill Race bridge, near Exchange St.

At about 9:00 p. m., as the crowd in the vicinity of the jail increased and the danger of an attempt on the jail seemed imminent, Companies E, A, and B were moved from the armory to the area of the jail. The addition of these three companies brought the total of troops there to about two hundred men. Still at the armory as a reserve were two batteries of the Union Grays.

Prior to the arrival of the 54th, there was a crowd of between two and three hundred on Court St. leading to the jail. They were ordered to dismiss but—although most obeyed the order and left the area—by 7:30 p. m. they had returned and their number had increased substantially, possibly reaching two thousand. Yells were heard from the obviously agitated crowd demanding Howard with cries of "Hang him," and occasional revolver shots rang out.

Although there were reports of shots being directed at the troops stationed at the race bridge, those were not confirmed, but there was no question that the troops were being pelted by stones thrown by the mob and one or more of the Co. D troops were hit. By nine o'clock large crowds were standing along Exchange St. from the Swing Bridge up to Court St. within a few feet of the soldiers. As the front ranks of the crowd moved in on the troops, the soldiers fired two shots into the air. Rather than calming the mob, the shots only seemed to increase its intensity, and the troops became uneasy so the order was given to disperse the crowd.

Co. G was ordered forward but the crowd held its ground so Co. D was ordered up and they fell in at the right of Co. G. Finally, faced with the two companies with bayonets, the crowd began to fall back. At that moment a shot rang out from among the troops, followed by two volleys and the crowd broke and ran. Whether or not an order to fire was actually given was never determined, but the result was two dead (John Elter and Henry Merlai) and at least six wounded (John Nolan, Louis Hamp, Elias Swanton, John Hillbert, Joseph Kohle, and an unidentified young boy).

Following the shooting most of the crowd fled but a few still remained in small groups on Exchange St., Buffalo St., and other of the central streets. One group on Exchange St., spotted Lieut. George Begy, Adjutant of the 54th Regiment, in uniform and gave chase but he was able to escape into the Clinton Hotel. Near midnight several additional shots were fired by the troops but these were warning shots, and the rest of the early morning hours of Jan. 3rd was quiet.

Mayor Charles W. Briggs issued a proclamation urging citizens to remain home and off the streets, and to assist the police in keeping the peace. His proclamation also ordered the city police to assist the Sheriff in his efforts to prevent lawlessness and violence. At the same time that Mayor Briggs was issuing his proclamation, orders were given by the 1st Battalion, Light Artillery, for members of both Batteries A and B to report immediately "in full uniform, with side arms." The two Batteries responded and their howitzers were placed on Court St.—one facing east and the other toward Exchange St.—thus commanding the bridge over the river and the one over the race. In addition to the artillery, Sheriff Campbell directed that the remaining six companies of the 54th be on duty that evening (Wednesday, Jan. 3), and if that was not sufficient he would order out the veteran companies and possibly request aid from the Governor. As a result of the precautions made by Sheriff Campbell, Wednesday night and the early morning hours of Thursday were calm.

William Howard, the target of the crowds' wrath, remained in jail until Thursday when he was brought before the court where he entered a plea of guilty for raping the young girl. He was sentenced to twenty years a hard labor, and immediately transported to the state prison in Auburn.

Based on news articles found in the Rochester Union & Advertiser of 1872.

Erie Canal Breached - 54th Regiment Called Out

In addition to its Civil War duty at the Prisoner of War camp in Elmira, Rochester's local militia unit, the 54th Infantry Regiment NY National Guard,  was on occasion also called by NY's Governor for local duty.  Among those call-outs was as a breach in the Erie Canal at the Ox Bow in the village of Fairport. in 1871  The following chronicles this incident as reported in the Rochester Union & Advertiser.

Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: April 29, 1871, p. 2

EXTENSIVE BREACH IN THE ERIE CANAL
—————
Thirty Thousand Yards of Earth Gone Out
—————
A CANAL BOAT WRECKED IN THE WOODS
—————
Two Weeks Delay of Navigation
—————
Intelligence was received in this city about daybreak this morning that a formidable breach had taken place in the Erie Canal at a place known as Ox Bow, in the town of Perinton, nine miles east of Rochester.  The Canal is on an embankment about forty feet high at this place.  The water began to rush out of the opening just before midnight, and ere daylight nearly the entire level of seventeen miles had been emptied upon the country below.  About thirty thousand yards of earth went out of the breach.

A Canal boat, light, and bound westward, was near the place when the breach took place and was drawn in and passed into the woods nearly half a mile below.

Commissioner Fay was on the ground about 6 o'clock with Engineer Richmond and others making preparations to begin repairs as soon as the water will permit.  The Commissioner sent the following dispatch to the Auditor:

C. A. DAYTON, AUDITOR, ALBANY:—Break occurred last night at Ox Bow embankment, one and one half miles west of Fairport.  Twenty-five to thirty thousand yards gone out.
Will take two weeks to repair.

                    J. D. FAY

A reporter was dispatched to the scene of the disaster this forenoon, and may return ere the first edition of the Union goes to press, with more particulars.

We understand that the canal where this breach occurred has been closely inspected within the last few days, and gave no signs of failure.  The repair boat was there yesterday, and tied up last night but a short distance from the breach.  There was never, perhaps, better cause to believe that this disaster was the work of some villain.  A serious breach occurred at the same place six years ago, and it may have been selected because it was likely to prove very disastrous.

A small breach or leak occurred yesterday at Lock Berlin, but it is nearly repaired ere this.

We are indebted to Miss Hall, operator in the Atlantic and Pacific office in Fairport, for the first announcement of this breach by telegraph, and to Mr. Blackall of the Rochester office for further particulars.

LATER—BY TELEGRAPH

Our reporter sends us the following by the Atlantic and Pacific line:

FAIRPORT, April 28—12:20 P.M.
ED. UNION:—The break is a very disastrous one.  Bank went out at 11o'clock last night; no premonitions.  The break is in the tow-path in the centre of the ox bow and of the immense basin or reservoir at that point.  It is at least thirty feet in depth, one hundred and twenty feet wide at the bottom, and over nine hundred feet at the top.  The bottom of the canal is taken out to a great depth a long distance east of the break, but the embankment is not damaged at the point of the break.

The canal boat Barney Bird was near Fullam's Bridge and was drawn through the breach and carried over fields a distance of a mile, and lodged in the woods, the bow striking a hemlock tree, thirty feet from the ground, and swinging around on a hillock, lies there.

The Captain—John Terrill, his wife, a steersman and span of horses were on board and took the fearful ride.  They all escaped uninjured; boat broken some.  The boats L. W. Clark and J. W. Raven, light, came near being drawn into the breach.

It will take two weeks to make repairs; perhaps three, as earth will have to be drawn a long distance.  Timbers are now being taken to the breach.

The bridge and dam at Haywood's mill, on the stage road to Fairport, are swept away.  Also the bridge and dam at Lincoln's mill on the next road east.  Great damage is done to farms and lands.  A barn owned by Benjamin Strong in the route was swept away.

Contractors are on the ground and the work of repairs will commence at once.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 1, 1871, p. 2

The Great Break in the Canal
—————
Our dispatches and correspondences Saturday relative to the break which occurred in the Erie Canal in the Ox Bow, a mile and a half west of Fairport Friday night, recited in a brief manner all the particulars attending the catastrophe.  An error of the telegraph operator put the width of the breach in the two-path at the top at nine hundred feet; it should have been two hundred feet.  The readers of the paragraph readily corrected the error.

The prism of the canal is washed out for several hundred feet each side of the breach, and it will be necessary to replace the bottom before it will be safe to let the water into the channel again.  To do this and to fill up the breach in the tow-path will require, it is estimated, from fifty to sixty thousand yards of earth.

At noon Saturday timbers to be used in the work of repairs were being hauled to the spot, and workmen were engaged in constructing a dam in the canal a few hundred feet west of the break.  Yesterday a large number of teams and men were at work, and the number will be largely augmented to-day.  Quite a little village of shanties for the accommodation of the men has sprung up in the vicinity of the breach.  It is now thought that it will take from fifteen to twenty days to put everything all right at the Ox Bow.  A large number of people visited the scene of the break yesterday.

The waters from the canal, on their way to the Bay, did other damage than that noticed Saturday, but not of sufficient importance to call for especial notice.  There are probably between one and two hundred boats, laden, between the break and the western line of this city.  All speculation as to the cause of the breach is useless, for every vestige of the cause was swept away by the immense body of water that went out.  We shall note daily the progress of the work of repairs.
 
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 1, 1871, p. 2

Items in Brief
—————
The National Guard of the State will soon receive an order from the Governor to perform six days of camp duty.  The 54th will hold itself in readiness to go to the field.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 3, 1871, p. 2

THE CANAL BREACH—The work of repairing the breach in the canal at the Ox bow is progressing quite as well as could be expected.  There are as many men there as can be employed to advantage; more teams are wanted.

The arrangements for feeding men and teams are now well arranged, and there is no reason for delay in the work unless storms should set in.  It is impossible to predict when the work will be completed.  After the earth is in and feeding commences, it will be four days or more before loaded boats will move.  The lower levels as far as Montezuma will be empty, and there is no source for feeding east of Rochester.  The water is leaking fast from the levels.  When the feeding begins it will be necessarily slow, on account of the boats lying in the channel.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 3, 1871, p. 3

The Canal Break—Radical Organs Unwittingly Punching the Head of a Radical Chief
—————
The New York Tribune of Monday had a dispatch purporting to come from this city, in which the "Ox Bow" break was attributed to "Democratic mismanagement."

The New York Times, same day, saw in the break an unfavorable "commentary on Democratic canal management."

The Albany Express, Syracuse Journal, and other Radical organs along the line, take up and swell the strain of their file leaders—the last named paper making this wonderful variation:  "What are the provisions of the law lately passed by the Democratic Legislature, abolishing the office of Superintendent?  Do they not make each Commissioner responsible for his Division?  Do they not give him the power to appoint as many subordinates as he may deem best, no matter whether those subordinates are called 'patrolmen' or something else?  Certainly the Commissioner and these subordinates are not to be ornamental."

The ignorance of these Radical sheets is quite equal to their malice.  We do not know who is to blame, or that anybody is to blame, for the Ox Bow break.  But if any official is primarily to blame, it is the Repair Contractor, who holds his contract, expiring in 1872, from the Republican Canal Board of 1867; who is one of the chiefs of the Republican party of this State; who was the late Republican Member of Congress from this district; and who founded and [   ]cted the Rochester Chronicle, now the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, the leading Republican organ here—Hon. Lewis Selye!  Therefore, the Tribune, Times, Albany Express, Syracuse Journal, &c., when they frenetically strike at Democratic canal management, aim their blows at a vision of their heated [      ] brains, punching the head of one of their own leaders and kicking one of the last [      ] of Republican canal management inheriting the Democracy from the late condemned defunct Republican administration in this State!  They are welcome to all the party capital they can make by thus assailing the Republican contractor, Mr. Selye, and the Republican Canal Board that gave him his contract!

The Syracuse Journal seeks information about the provisions of the canal act lately passed by the Democratic Legislature, the powers and responsibilities of the Canal Commissioners there, subordinates authorized, &c., as applicable to the management of the canals this season.  The Journal evidently does not know that the act of the Legislature to which it refers has not yet been reached in its order and signed by the Governor, and therefore is not yet a law, and has not taken effect.  When it becomes a law, and not till then, we will have centered in the Canal Commissioner the power which will justify the people in holding him responsible for any disaster upon the canals that might be ar[    ] by precautionary action.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 5, 1871, p. 2

THE STRIKE AT THE BREACH
—————
The Military on the Ground
—————
ARRESTS MADE
—————
The Rioters Surrender
—————
WORK RESUMED
—————
All Quiet at the Ox Bow
—————
In the later editions of the Union yesterday some particulars were given of a strike among the laborers employed in repairing the great breach in the Erie canal at the Ox Bow, nine miles east of the city.  We have now further particulars.

The occurrence of this break brought to the spot more than one thousand persons, who organized as laborers to make repairs.  These persons were from all parts of the country—many of them boat hands and not a few dissolute idlers from this city.  The gathering was one that contained many who were spoiling for mischief.  Still, the work was organized and got well under way without trouble.  Yesterday morning there were signs of disturbance.  The disaffected among the workmen began to talk of three dollars per day—the wages being twenty shillings.  About ten o'clock it began to rain, and the men began to leave the work.  Those who were disposed to continue on the work were dissuaded by threats or otherwise from continuing, and soon all work had ceased.  There was not much violence offered, and no injury done to property.  After partaking of diner there was disposition to be jovial over the strike, songs were sung and short speeches made.  At length a few of the leaders in the disturbance engaged in a fight, but this did not last long.

It now became clear that the rioters intended to put an end to the work until their demands were complied with.  Mr. Selye, the contractor, at once telegraphed to Mayor Brigs of this city for military assistance.  The Mayor called on Sheriff Campbell and the Sheriff took the necessary steps to obtain military aid.  Gen. Clark made an order for two companies of the 54th Regiment to repair forthwith to the scene of the disturbance.  Co. E, Capt. Henderson, and Co. B., Capt. Schoen, were the companies ordered into service.  Owing to the fact that most of the members of these companies were distributed over the city and engaged in business, they were not readily notified and brought in.  The uniforms and equipments were scattered about, as the old Armory has been abandoned and the new one is not ready for occupancy.  Camp equipage, tents, etc., had to be made ready.  All these preparations took time.  It was hoped that the announcement of the coming of the military might have a good effect at the scene of the disturbance and perhaps make it unnecessary to send the soldiers at all.  But as the request for help was repeated the military got off at seven p. m. and in half an hour were at Fairport Station, each man having 40 rounds of ammunition, and the whole having 35 tents to shelter them from the weather.

The Sheriff and Mayor accompanied the military.

On the arrival at Fairport last evening a large number of men were found congregated on the bridge over the canal in the village and the citizens were alarmed and feared that they would commit some violence.  The bridge was cleared and a guard of twenty-five men stationed in the village.  The rest of the soldiers were at once sent to the break where guards were stationed over the bridges and roads.  Those not placed on this duty pitched their tents and went into camp.  Everything remained quiet during the night.

This morning the military were in readiness for any emergency.  When the time for work to commence arrived, the laborers, or many of them, refused to work until the arrival of Mr. Selye, the contractor.  When he appeared the long line of wagons commenced moving.  There were a few turbulent spirits present and they counseled the men not to go to work.  Their action was clearly inciting to a riot and the Sheriff ordered the arrest of two of them and they were taken into custody by Deputy Sheriffs Campbell and Hubbachuck, with the assistance of some of the military.  They were handcuffed, brought to the city and lodged in jail.  The name of one prisoner is Williams.

As the officers were leaving the ground with their prisoners there was another disturbance, but what it amounted to they did not linger to ascertain.

The Sheriff will to-day swear in a large number of special deputies and put them on duty in Fairport and on the farms in the vicinity of the break.  The farmers and owners of property there complain of depredations at the hands of the laborers and they are fearful that if another outbreak occurs that they will suffer seriously.

After ten this forenoon a dispatch came to Comm. Fry stating that the strikers had surrendered, the men and teams had resumed work, and all was going on quietly.

Further preparations were made last night, if it should be found necessary, to send more force to the breach.  There were ninety men in the companies sent down.  Company C, Capt. Madden, and Company H, Capt. Lester, were ordered to hold themselves in readiness for duty, and the men were assembled at head-quarters, but were dismissed for the night.  They may be sent to the ground for relief.  It is the purpose of the officers to uphold the law and protect those who were willing to labor and punish all who create disturbance—to ensure the speedy completion of the work of the State.

The following is the requisition of the Sheriff:

Brig. General Charles H, Clark commanding 25 Brigade N.G.S.N.Y.
GENERAL:
A riot and breach of the peace having occurred in the town of Perinton, in the county of Monroe, I, the Sheriff of said county, do hereby, in pursuance of the statute, in such case made and provided, require you with two companies of the military under your command, armed and equipped, as the law requires, to aid me in quelling said 'riot, and breach of the peace, and that you report yourself forthwith to me, at the Armory in the City of Rochester, with two companies of the men under your command and ready for service.
ROCHESTER, May 4th, 1871.
                P. B. CAMPBELL
                Sheriff of Monroe County

Gen. Clark then issued the following order:

HEADQUARTERS 25TH BRIGADE
N. Y. S. N. G.
ROCHESTER, May 4, 1871
Special Orders No. 2, N. S.:
Col. J. Geo. Baetzel will detail from his command, forthwith, the two senior companies, to proceed to "Ox Bow" Bend, Fairport, armed and equipped, and provided with forty rounds of ball cartridge.  By order
                        C. H. CLARK, Brig. Gen.
                    Lt. Col. W. C. STONE, A. A. Gen'l

The following note from Adjutant Begy gives an idea of the situation at camp this morning:

CAMP SELYE
HEADQUARTERS DETACHMENT
54TH REG'T, N. Y. S. N. G.
FRIEND C.—We arrived here last evening and marched out to the break at Ox Bow.  The boys immediately went into camp, and called their camp, as you will see by the heading of this, in honor of the Hon. L. Selye.  The boys are in god spirits.  Mayor Briggs, Gen. Clark and Col. Baetzel are here with us.
Yours hastily,
    GEO. A. BEGY, Adjt.

P.S.—While the men were at breakfast two of the ringleaders were arrested and taken to Fairport under guard detailed by Co. B.  It is the intention of Sheriff Campbell to arrest all the ringleaders, and have peace and quietness prevail.
                B.

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 5, 1871, p. 3

The Democrat's Defense of the Radical Contractor
—————
The Democrat wades through nearly a column this morning in a very stupid attempt at defense of the Radical Contractor upon whose section the Ox Bow break occurred, and whom nobody accuses or assails except hypothetically upon the charges of neglect of duty made by his own party friends.

As to the Democratic state authorities, upon whom the Radical organs have blunderingly cast censure, the Democrat affects to accept our challenge to show where they have failed to meet their full responsibility, and here is its showing:

We are now prepared to accept the challenge of the Union.  We point to the fact of the break as proof that the canal was insecure at that point.

There's "proof" for you!  A break occurs: ergo, the Democratic canal authorities caused it!  The very same Ox Bow embankment went out a few years ago under the administration of Republican canal authorities, the same gentleman being contractor:  therefore, according to the Democrat's logic, those authorities caused it!  The Democrat office has had the misfortune to be several times destroyed by fire:  consequently, if that paper's reasoning be correct, the authorities of the office—the managing proprietors, must have caused the conflagration!  Hadn't the Democratic people make restitution to the insurance company?

The fact is, the embankment of the Ox Bow was personally and thoroughly inspected by Commissioner Fay and the other canal authorities before and after the occurrence of the small break a short distance off that preceded its going out.  So far as the human eye could see and human skill render, it was considered safe; and it is the opinion of many that the bank was maliciously cut.  The contractor's repair boat and force were upon the adjacent land as required and directed by the authorities, and the only parties who charge that the contractor did not do his duty are his own partisan friends who blindly assail the canal officials and hit him over their shoulders.  We may ask to be saved from his short-sighted, slow-witted party friends.
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 6, 1871, p. 2

THE RIOT AT OX BOW
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(From our Special Correspondent.)
DEAR UNION:—Paris no longer monopolizes the attention of the civilized world in her sanguinary  conflicts.  She now has a rival here in the insurrection line, and although "Gen. Rossel of the Communists has been wounded in the shoulder," Contractor Selye has not received a scratch—a number of his men, however, have been shot—in the neck, but not fatally.

Notwithstanding that the Versailles troops did not hesitate to fire upon the Masons, the National Guard will not shoot the shovel brigade.
Supplies continue to reach Ox Bow, and the inhabitants have not yet been compelled to eat canal horses to any considerable extent.

Many of the cooks on the boats are preparing themselves for hospital nurses in view of the commencement of hostilities.  Doors open at 7.  Hostilities to commence at 8.  No extra charge for reserved seats.

Certified lists of the killed and wounded for sale by all respectable newsboys, price four cents.  The Governor has appointed a jointed commission to inquire into the merits of the dispute, and to test the quality of the benzine in the canteens of the rioters.  The scow which was carried through the breach is now aground about half a mile distant.  Having no cargo to discharge, the captain discharged the driver.  She has singe righted, and the mate is now writing the consignees.  Gen. B. F. Butler has been telegraphed to come and take command.  It is believed that his experience at Ditch Gap will render him and invaluable commander.  An appeal will be made to-day for lint and bandages; if not wanted by the troops they will be for the horses of the tow-path cavalry.

The owner of the farm at the breach wants to sell it—including its "water privilege."

There are many visitors to the "disastrous break," but the residents here do not appear to appreciate the privilege of having the show in their vicinity, some of them desire the great embankment to be removed and a swing bridge substituted as being less likely to break and inundate their lands, while others openly declare that rather than have another such break here they would be willing to have the "State Fair" one season.

Every thing is now progressing favorably for an early resumption of navigation.

"When this cruel war is over."
                                SPADER
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 6, 1871, p. 2

All Right at the Break
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The advices to-day represent all things going on right at the break in Perinton.  The following is a dispatch from Under Sheriff Campbell:

FAIRPORT, N.Y., May 6, 9:30 a.m.
All quiet at Ox Bow.  No disturbance since yesterday morning.  Men worked on the break last night.
                                C. H. CAMPBELL
                                UNDER SHERIFF
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 8, 1871, p. 2

Items in Brief
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A large number of citizens drove to the breach at Ox Bow yesterday to see the work in progress there.  All was moving on systematically and in order.  Notwithstanding the large number of visitors on the grounds with a good supply of stimulating beverages, there was little disorder.

The two companies of the 54th remain at the breach and are doing guard duty and performing other soldierly exercises.  Mr. Seyle gave a silver cup to be competed for at a turkey shoot.  Capt. Henderson's company won the prize.
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 8, 1871, p. 2

The Great Canal Breach
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EDS. U. & A.—Gentlemen:  When the great and appalling breach which occurred on the night of the 28th of April of the high embankment just west of Fairport took place, the commercial men had good reason to be disheartened.  I visited the breach on the 29th in the morning, and there beheld what made the heart sicken.  A great catastrophe had befallen the commercial men of this city, as well as of the State itself.

This great gulf, from which thousands upon thousands of yards of earth had been swept ruthlessly away, and that which lined the high towpath having been torn out for a quarter of a mile extending each way, and joining that in the great breach had been swept out and carried miles away from its place of repose, leaving the canal at "Ox Bow" ingulphed in one common ruin—the news of this disaster was heralded all over this and adjoining States, and seemed at the time to discourage everybody and paralyze everybody, and lay an embargo upon our commerce and commercial men, that bid fair to last into months—thousands of boats and horses left standing idle on the expanse, and the products of the West and merchandise from the East left to seek other routes and other channels to and from the great marts of our commerce—having much at stake and feeling the deepest interest for the welfare of those engaged in the carrying trade, as well as for the prosperity of the State itself.

I have visited daily these works, and noticed with pleasure the rapid progress being made.

And it is but common justice to say, as I most cheerfully do, that great credit is due to the State officers in charge, as well as Contractor Seyle, with his assistants.  His foreman, Mr. Spaulding, has proved himself quite competent for the position he holds.  His voice has been heard here and there, night and day.  All have shown and exhibited the right spirit, and have pushed forward this work, now nearly completed, with commendable zeal.  A very large portion of the men and teams engaged thereon were those engaged in navigating the canal, and it is but just to say that they have worked with great energy and fidelity.

It seems almost a miracle that so large a force could be got on the ground and be made so available, and to work with such regularity and great effect.

To such a place hundreds of idlers and roughs congregate to make disturbances, and hence the necessity for calling out Sheriff and military, who have contributed largely to the speedy completion of the this work, and are eminently entitled to the thanks of our people.  The authorities have assured me that they should commence drawing water this evening, and pass boats by Thursday.  For the energy and fidelity of all concerned in pushing forward these repairs to completion they are entitled to the thanks of the hundred thousand commercial men of our State, as well as those of Western States, who are depending upon our State to furnish them transit for their produce and merchandise, in getting the canal in working order at least two weeks sooner than the best judges predicted they could.  I propose to throw my best hat high up in the air and give three times three cheers for those in charge, as well as those who have performed this herculean labor, in doing in days what it was supposed would have taken weeks.  Let us give credit to whom credit is due.
                Truly yours,
                    Henry L. Fish

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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 9, 1871, p. 2

The Breach Closed—Water Let In—Discharge of Laborers
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The work of filling up the great breach in the Canal at Ox-Bow has progressed so far that water was this morning let into the level.  Ere the lower levels are filled the repairs will be completed and the Canal all in order again.

The work was so far completed this morning that six hundred men and most of the teams were dismissed, their services being no longer required.

The work has so far been well done, the bank at the breach and the bottom of the channel have been covered with gravel as a precaution against new danger at that point.

The time it has taken to repair this great breach is surprisingly short, and much less than the terrified croakers named for repairs.  The workmen were well organized, and never has so great a body of men brought into effective action before in our memory.  To the hearty co-operation of State officers and contractor is this success due.  Every honorable and intelligent man who ahs looked upon this work will readily and heartily join in awarding credit to all concerned in it.  But for the rain and the strike the work would have been completed a day or two sooner.

It will require about three days to fill the levels from this city to Montezuma so that fully laden boats can pass.  The water has been slowly wasting away during the suspension, and there is little left below the breach, which is on the Seventeen Mile Level, extending from Pittsford Lock to Macedon.  Efforts will be made to so distribute the detained boats that the work of feeding may not be interfered with.  We trust that the close of the week will show all the boats in motion, running forward to their destination, not to be again detained by a similar mishap this season.
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Rochester, NY Union & Advertiser: May 11, 1871, p. 2

Items in Brief
————
The work at the breach having been completed, a guard has been stationed to carefully watch the new work night and day.

The two companies of the 54th which have been on the war path down the Canal, returned yesterday.  They bear no scalps in their belts as trophies of victory.  They may be classed among the first heroes, for they have achieved victory without using swords and bullets.
 
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Rebels at Elmira - October 1864

The following Letter to the Editor was published in the New York Times on October 9, 1864.

The Rebels at Elmira.; A LETTER FROM ONE OF THE GUARD, GUARDING PRISONERS OF WAR AT ELMIRA, N.Y. CAMP CHEMUNG, NEAR ELMIRA., N.Y.

Monday Evening, Oct. 3, 1864.

To the Editor of the New-York Times:

The officers and enlisted men of the "Provisional Brigade," stationed at Elmira guarding prisoners of war, have been disgusted at the maliciousness of an article from the columns of your Copperhead cotemporary, the New-York Express, and republished in the Gazette, a vile little sheet issued in this city. The article in question is full of untruths, no doubt purposely so written merely to make a point against "the Administration," which is such a pest in the nostrils of that paper, that it is willing to compromise the honor of us sodiers, who have left our homes at the call of the authorities of the State and Nation, with the sincere hope of doing some good for that country we love. The Express says:

"One of the most wide awake places out of New-York is the City of Elmira, where there are nine thousand rebel prisoners confined within one enclosure, and an encampment of six thousand Union troops."

The compliment paid to the city is well-merited and just, but the inference that the Copperhead would have drawn from the latter part of the statement is that the Government pays six men to take care of nine. Here are the facts: There are seven regiments of militia, composed of the Fifty-fourth, of Rochester, N.Y.; the Fifty-sixth, of Brooklyn, N.Y.; the Fifty-eighth, of Mount Morris, N.Y.; the Seventy-seventh, of New-York City, the Ninety-eighth, of Ulster County, N.Y.; the Ninety-ninth, of New-York City, and the One Hundred and Second, of New-York City. These are to guard the prisoners, and for other purposes -- such as escorting recruits to the front, etc. The combined force of these regiments, officers and men, is 2,403; the effective force to-day. officers and men, is 1,844 -- the remainder being away in squads, detached for the purpose of taking recruits to the front. The other day the effective force was 1,300. The number of rebels is about 10,000.

"The rebel prisoners are guarded by one hundred days men, selected from the New-York militia. Their camps are in front of the rebel quarters, which are pleasantly located on the plain, just upon the river. We regret to hear that many of these men die daily. No less than twenty-seven (an unusual number) were reported on Saturday, and eighteen on Wednesday."

All our camps are not located in front of the rebel quarters, but on the two sides of the fence inclosing the rebel prison, and the remainder across the road from the front of the same. The paragraph being a mixture of the "King's English," it is difficult to understand whether the untruthful writer of the above means that many of our men "die daily," or the prisoners. The average deaths among the rebels is twelve a day. I have my information direct from the Surgeon in charge.

"They have shelter tents, with a few wooden barracks and hospitals, but so miserably clad are most of these men, that they will freeze to death, if not better sheltered and protected before the Winter sets in."

They have exactly the same kind of tents that we United States soldiers are using. They are what are termed "A" tents, and will accommodate four men nicely. In the same kind of tent five of our men are sometimes placed, and in most instances four, which is the number allotted to each tent in the rebel prison. The barracks are as good buildings as the most of temporary buildings used for the accommodation of soldiers. The rebels have been sufficiently clad so far; they have woolen and rubber blankets to sleep in, and there is no fear [???] men" freezing to death, because our Government takes far too good care of them, when we take all things into consideration, and is now making provision against the coming cold weather. What more does your Copperhead cotemporary desire? Shall we furnish them with brown-stone houses, ice cream and feather beds? The rebels are far better provided for against the elements than are those who wear "the blue." During the days of stormy weather -- which, thank God, have now passed -- our large guard, composed of 335 privates, 22 corporals, 10 sergeants and 11 commissioned officers, were without shelter of any kind, excepting at the "main gate," or entrance to the prison. The long period of twenty-four hours -- which is often made twenty-six by the delay in mounting guard -- had to be spent amid those miserably cold storms with which we have been visited for some time, while the Johnnies were smugly stowed away under cover, and needed not to wet their shoulders. It is probably well known to you that guards serve "two hours on and four off" during their period of twenty-four hours, and that in those "four hours off" they are supposed to rest, but I assure you, but little rest could be had while the heavens are discharging floods of rain.

"Although but two have escaped, the chances are that hundreds will escape, if not better guarded or provided for. It is no excuse, that our prisoners are worse off at Andersonville, Ga., where 8,004, we are assured on rebel authority, died in the months of July and August."

Only two out of ten thousand, and yet they are not well guarded! The two in question escaped by artifice, and not through the weakness or inattention, of the guard. Unless better "guarded or provided for," indeed! This is a direct insult to the guards stationed here, who in every instance do their duty through sunshine and storm, through the night and during the day. The writer of the article in question would think himself well guarded if he was where he ought to be -- inside the rebel fence -- and where, there is not much doubt in my mind, I shall some day see him, and have the pleasure of being his sentinel.

"The negro prisoners at the South are put to labor, and even in their occupation find a solace and satisfaction denied to white men."

This, like all the other paragraphs, is as false as the Evil One in regard to our treatment of prisoners. The rebels here, now working upon some buildings being erected for their own comfort, to be used as Winter quarters and hospitals, receive from the Government ten cents per day and extra rations. Those doing laboring work, such as shoveling, etc., receive five cents and extra rations. Their day's work ends at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Besides this, they make many little things, such as rings, watch-chains, toothpicks and fans, which they sell to the officers and men comprising this brigade. Thus, Mr. Editor, you perceive that we treat our prisoners as men and not as brutes, and that "even in their occupation they find a solace and satisfaction denied" to our brave men in rebel lands, while our-soldiers wearing a darker skin they enslave like beasts.

I will conclude by affirming that we take good care of their sick, in buildings which are secured against sun and shower, wind and cold, and feed them upon butter and toast, tea, soups, fresh meats, fresh milk, and other delicacies necessary to the patient. Respectfully yours.

A PRIVATE OF THE GUARD.

Rochester's 54th Regiment in Elmira, NY POW Camp

The following is extracted from "The Elmira prison camp: a history of the military prison at Elmira, N.Y," by Clayton Wood Holmes. It is the first instance in Holmes' history of the camp that he mentions the 54th Regiment from Rochester. The 54th left Rochester toward the end of July 1864 and would be there until November of that year as guards.

THE second month of the prison camp's existence opens with a list of about 4500 prisoners, enough to comfortably fill the barracks. During the month 5195 prisoners arrive and the prison is congested. The entire camp not occupied with buildings is covered with tents. The prisoners poured in so rapidly that it was utterly impossible to keep pace with the rapidly increasing demands made in every direction. While hospital buildings were being rushed as fast as possible, the enfeebled prisoners became sick so fast that adequate care could not be given, much as every one desired to do it. A calm and reasonable consideration of the facts gives the best answer to the unreasonable charges made on all sides, by the South, that the effort was not made to properly care for the prisoners.

The following official communication explains conditions at the beginning of August:

Headquarters Draft Rendezvous,

Elmiraa, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1864. Brig.-Gen. L. Thomas,

Adj.-Gen. U. S. A., Washington, D. C. General : Since my last report I have the honor to state that 5000 prisoners of war have arrived at this depot and are quartered in barracks and tents at Barracks No. 3. All recruits, substitutes, and drafted men have been transferred to Barracks No. 1 excepting deserters, who are confined in the guard-house. The latter will be transferred as soon as the guard-house is completed at Barracks No. 1. The 54th Regiment N. Y. Militia, numbering about 350, arrived here on the 27th of July to serve as guard over prisoners of war. This regiment, with the six companies of the 16th V. R. C. [from Allegany Co., NY], furnish about 700 men for guard duty at the prisoners' camp. At Barracks No. 1 there are 200 colored drafted men and substitutes, organized into two companies, armed and equipped, doing guard duty there. Thirty of these are detailed daily as a patrol guard inside the enclosure at prisoners' camp. I have just received notice from Major-General Dix that two more regiments of militia from New York City will be ordered here for duty, and it is probable that they will arrive here to-night or to-morrow.

Owing to the number of troops to arrive here suddenly it became necessary to direct the quartermaster to lease some ground next to the prisoners' camp for an encampment, which I respectfully request may be approved. The new hospital is completed and occupied. The general condition of the post is excellent.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
S. Eastman,

Lt.-Col. U. S. A., Commanding Post.

The continued arrival of prisoners swelled the number so greatly that Colonel Eastman began to get nervous because the guard was so small. He made a telegraphic appeal for reinforcements. Two batteries of artillery, A and B of the 1st Battalion, Light Artillery, N. Y. N. G., arrived on August 3d from Rochester, 66 men and four guns. The 77th and 98th regiments State Militia also arrived. Plate No. 12 shows the artillery camp on the right, and the 54th N. Y. Militia on left. This camp was on the south side of Water Street, west of the enclosure. On the 16th of August, the force guarding prisoners consisted of the 28th [Brooklyn], 54th [Rochester], 56th [Brooklyn], 58th [Livingston County], 77th [New York City], 98th [Erie County], 99th [New York City], and 102d [New York City]regiments of N. Y. Militia, Batteries A and B, 1st Battalion N. Y. Light Artillery [Rochester's Union Grays], and six companies of the 16th V. R. C.